Manual Systems - 1950s
⇒ Data Storage: Paper records.
⇒ High manpower requirement and time-consuming searches for specific records. Very inefficient.
1950s and Early 1960s
⇒ Use of magnetic tapes for storage.
⇒ Magnetic tapes allow only sequential access to data.
Late 1960s and 1970s
⇒ Use of Hard disks for storage.
⇒ Hard disks allow direct access to data.
⇒ 1968:Introduction of the File-Based System for data storage.
⇒ Non-relational Databases (1968-1980):
⇒ Hierarchical Model:IBM's first hierarchical DBMS called IMS (Information Management System).
⇒ Network Model:
Charles Bachmann developed the first DBMS at Honeywell, called Integrated Data Store (IDS).
CODASYL DBTG (Conference on Data System Languages, Data Base Task Group) developed the network model.
IDMS (Information Data Management System) became the most popular network DBMS.
⇒ Use:Both network and hierarchical data models were widely used.
1980-Present Era: Relational Databases
⇒ Ted Codd:Defined the Relational Data Model and received the ACM Turing Award for his work.
⇒ Prototypes of Relational Data Model:
⇒ IBM Research:Developed the System R prototype.
⇒ UC Berkeley: Developed the Ingres prototype.
⇒ Entity-Relational Model:Proposed by Peter Chen for database design.
1980s
⇒ Evolution:Research prototypes evolved into commercial systems.
⇒ SQL:Became the industrial standard.
New Types of Databases:
⇒ Parallel and distributed database systems.
⇒ Object-oriented database systems.
1990s
⇒ Applications:Large decision support and data-mining applications.
⇒ Data Warehouses:Large multi-terabyte data warehouses emerged.
⇒ Web Commerce:Emerged as a significant application.
Early 2000s
⇒ Standards:XML and XQuery standards were introduced.
⇒ Automation:Automated database administration became more prevalent.
Later 2000s
⇒ Giant Data Storage Systems:Cloud storage became common.
Examples include Google BigTable, Yahoo PNuts, and Amazon Dynamo.
