Data Base Management System

INDEX

• Introduction to DBMS
• Applications of DBMS
• Database System vs. File Processing System
• Drawbacks of Using File Systems to Store Data
• History of Database Systems
• Database Languages
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Transaction Control Language (TCL)
• Database System Structure
• DBMS Architecture
• Client-Server Architecture
• Types of DBMS Architecture
• Single-tier Architecture
• Two-tier Architecture
• Three-tier Architecture
• View of Data in DBMS
• Abstraction
• Three Levels of Data Abstraction
• Schemas and Instances
• Data Independence
• Database Users and Administrators
• Database Users
• 1.Naive Users/Native Users/End Users:
• 2.Application Programmers:
• 3.Sophisticated Users:
• 4.Specialized Users:
• Database Administrators (DBAs)
• Tasks of DBAs:
• Transaction Management

Data Models

• Data Models in DBMS
• Types of Data Models
• Relational Model
• Entity-Relationship (ER) Model
• Object-Based Data Model
• Semi-Structured Data Model
• Older Data Models
• 1. Hierarchical Data Model
• 2.Network Data Model

ER Model

• Introduction to the ER Model
• ER Modeling Constructs
• 1.Entities
• 2.Attributes
• 3.Relationships
• Types of Attributes
• Simple Attributes
• Composite Attributes
• Single-Valued Attributes
• Multi-Valued Attributes
• Stored Attributes
• Derived Attributes
• Key Attribute
• Mapping Cardinalities (Cardinality Ratio)
• One-to-One (1-1) Relationship
• One-to-Many (1-M) Relationship
• Many-to-One (M-1) Relationship
• Many-to-Many (M-N) Relationship
• Types of Entities in ER Diagram
• 1.Strong Entity
• 2.Weak Entity
• Extended Entity Relationship (ER) Model
• Generalization
• Specialization
• Inheritance
• Aggregation
• Converting ER Diagrams into Tables
• Rule 1: Strong Entity Set with Simple Attributes
• Rule 2: Strong Entity Set with Composite Attributes
• Rule 3: Strong Entity Set with Multi-Valued Attributes
• Rule 4: Translating Relationship Set into a Table
• Rule 5: Binary Relationships with Cardinality Ratios
• ER Diagram with Aggregation Example

Relational Model

• Introduction to RDBMS
• Keys in DBMS
• Types of Keys in DBMS
• 1.Super Key
• 2.Candidate Key
• 3.Primary Key
• 4.Alternate Key
• 5.Foreign Key
• 6.Composite Key
• Integrity Constraints
• What is integrity constraints
• Types of Integrity Constraints
• 1.Domain Constraints
• 2.Entity Integrity Constraints
• 3.Referential Integrity Constraints
• 4.Key Constraints
• Relational Query Languages
• What is Relational Query Languages
• Types of Query Languages
• 1.Procedural Query Language
• 2.Non-Procedural (Declarative) Query Language
• Pure Query Languages
• 1. Relational Algebra
• 2. Relational Calculus

Relational Algebra

• Relational Algebra
• Concept Of Relational Algebra
• Types of operators in relational algebra:
• Basic/Fundamental Operations
• Additional/Derived Operations
• Selection Operator
• Projection (Π) Operator
• Set Operators
• Union (∪) Operator
• Intersection (∩) Operator
• Difference ( - ) Operator
• Cartesian Product
• Rename Operator
• Join Operator
• What is Join Operation
• Types of Joins
• Inner Join (Join)
• Theta (θ) / Conditional Join
• Equi Join
• Natural Join
• Outer Join
• 1.Left Outer Join (R₁ ⟕ R₂)
• 2.Right Outer Join (R₁ ⟖ R₂)
• 3.Full Outer Join (R₁ ⟗ R₂)
• Division Operator
• Assignment Operator
• Extended Relational Algebra
• Null Values
• Modification Of The Database
• Views In Relational Algebra
• Relational Calculus

SQL (Structured Query Language)

• Introduction To SQL
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• SQL SELECT DISTINCT
• AND, OR, NOT Operators
• IN, NOT IN, BETWEEN, NOT BETWEEN, LIKE Operators
• NULL Values
• Aliases
• Aggregate Functions
• Scalar Functions
• ORDER BY Clause
• GROUP BY Clause
• HAVING Clause

Normalization/Schema Refinement

• Schema Refinement
• Introduction
• Anomalies
• Purpose of Normalization:
• Advantages of Normalization:
• Disadvantages of Normalization:
• Functional Dependency
• Normal Forms
• First Normal Form (1NF)
• Second Normal Form (2NF)
• Third Normal Form (3NF)
• Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF):
• Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
• Decomposition
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